鄱阳湖湿地灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局沿水分梯度的变化

为揭示鄱阳湖湿地苔草群落的构建机制,选择灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)群落作为研究对象,通过设立3条样带调查不同水分梯度的群落物种多度,选用断棍模型(BSM)、生态位优先占领模型(NPM)、优势优先模型(DPM)、随机分配模型(RAM)和生态位重叠模型(ONM)5个生态位模型对群落种-多度关系进行拟合,结果表明,1)灰化苔草群落可按土壤水分划分为高湿度、中湿度和低湿度3组,分别对应从湖边、湿地中间和湿地边缘的梯度分布;2)从高到低的水分梯度上,灰化苔草群落的物种数先增加后降低,优势种多度逐渐增加,物种多度分布曲线由相对平缓变为陡峭;3)高湿度灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局的最佳拟合模型为BSM,中、低湿度的理想模型转变为NPM。研究认为,水分条件的变化是灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局改变的主因,随着水分梯度降低,群落构建的生态学过程由随机生态位变为生态位优先占领。研究为鄱阳湖湿地多样性保育和生态功能管理提供了理论参考。     

Relation between Soil Health, Wave-like Fluctuations in Microbial Populations, and Soil-borne Plant Disease Management

A healthy soil is often defined as a stable soil system with high levels of biological diversity and activity, internal nutrient cycling, and resilience to disturbance. This implies that microbial fluctuations after a disturbance would dampen more quickly in a healthy than in a chronically damaged and biologically impoverished soil. Soil could be disturbed by various processes, for example addition of a nutrient source, tillage, or drying-rewetting. As a result of any disturbance, the numbers of heterotrophic bacteria and of individual species start to oscillate, both in time and space. The oscillations appear as moving waves along the path of a moving nutrient source such as a root tip. The phase and period for different trophic groups and species of bacteria may be shifted indicating that succession occurs. DGGE, Biolog and FAME analysis of subsequent populations in oscillation have confirmed that there is a cyclic succession in microbial communities. Microbial diversity oscillates in opposite direction from oscillations in microbial populations. In a healthy soil, the amplitudes of these oscillations will be small, but the background levels of microbial diversity and activity are high, so that soil-borne diseases will face more competitors and antagonists. However, soil-borne pathogens and antagonists alike will fluctuate in time and space as a result of growing plant roots and other disturbances, and the periods and phases of the oscillations may vary. As a consequence, biological control by members of a single trophic group or species may never be complete, as pathogens will encounter varying populations of the biocontrol agent on the root surface. A mixture of different trophic groups may provide more complete biological control because peaks of different trophic groups occur at subsequent locations along a root. Alternatively, regular addition of soil organic matter may increase background levels of microbial activity, increase nutrient cycling, lower the concentrations of easily available nutrient sources, increase microbial diversity, and enhance natural disease suppression.     

GIS在分布式水文模型中的应用——以北京雁栖河流域为例

在GIS支持下,由北京雁栖河流域数字高程模型DEM自动生成子流域单元,每个子流域单元的降雨径流过程利用一个水箱模型来模拟,该水箱模型用一个两参数的非线性分布函数来模拟上土壤层的蓄水容量空间分布特征,计算每个子流域单元TOPMODEL模型地形指数ln(a/tanβ)的空间累积分布曲线,并对其作无量纲化处理,通过地形指数ln(a/tanβ)的空间累积分布曲线的无量纲化曲线的最佳曲线拟合确定每个子流域单元土壤蓄水容量空间变异性参数,这使得模型中的土壤蓄水容量空间变异性参数成为一个有确定物理意义的参数,也使得所建立的模型更加具有物理基础。结果表明:无论从模型的率定期还是从模型的验证期来看,模型计算的径流与实测的日径流过程线都呈现出很好的一致性和吻合性,这说明本文建立的模型对雁栖河流域的日径流量的分布式模拟是有效的。     

塔里木河流域生态环境恶化的水文效应

塔里木河是我国最大的内陆河。 4条源流出山口多年平均天然径流量 2 2 4 .9× 10 8m3 (195 7～ 2 0 0 1年 )。在全球变暖的大背景下 ,塔里木河流域山区气候出现变暖增湿的趋势 ,2 0世纪 90年代径流量达 2 4 1.9× 10 8m3 ,增幅 7.6 %。由于源流区人类开发利用水资源的影响 ,使得补给塔里木河干流的水量不断减少 ,水文条件改变 ,造成干流上、中游段耗水严重 ,导致下游生态与环境急剧退化。自 2 0 0 0年以来 ,实施的从开都河—博斯腾湖向下游绿色走廊应急输水 ,已使下游生态环境开始恢复生机。     

基于全球陆面数据同化系统蒸散量的GSAC模型率定

在识别缺资料流域水文模型参数时,目前常采用的区域化方法存在相似流域间降雨径流关系差别较大、模型参数与流域属性间的相关性不明显、在大范围缺资料地区难于选取参考流域等问题。本文从全球陆面数据同化系统(GLDAS)获取流域蒸散量数据,提出利用GLDAS蒸散量率定GSAC模型的方法。首先,通过合并网格建立GSAC模型模拟的蒸散量与GLDAS蒸散量在时间和空间方面的对应关系;其次,基于纳什效率系数的定义构建了一个模型率定指标,以评价GSAC模型模拟的蒸散量对GLDAS蒸散量的拟合效果;最后,依据GLDAS蒸散量与GSAC模型模拟蒸散量之间的拟合关系率定GSAC模型。呼兰河流域应用结果表明,GLDAS提供的蒸散量能够较好反映流域实际蒸散量的变化情况,为率定GSAC模型提供了一种有效的输入数据;在率定期与验证期,利用GLDAS蒸散量率定的GSAC模型对流量模拟的纳什效率系数分别为0.81和0.77,与利用流量数据率定的GSAC模型模拟结果相近。     

通辽玉米滴灌灌溉制度

为更加合理制定玉米滴灌灌溉制度,以我国“节水增粮行动”为背景, 于2016年在内蒙古通辽开展玉米滴灌灌溉制度试验研究.根据试验区34 a的降雨资料进行降雨频率分析,选取不同水文年型的代表年,结合玉米滴灌试验得到实际耗水规律,对比6种灌溉处理在各生育阶段的变化情况,测定了株高、叶面积指数、玉米产量等指标.结果表明:中水处理作物性状及产量较高,且水分利用效率最高,为最佳灌水处理;以中水处理作为滴灌灌溉制度的参考依据,通过气象数据计算参考蒸发蒸腾量ET₀.利用实际耗水量获取各生育阶段作物系数,结合代表年型的ET₀计算需水量.根据降雨量,得到不同水文年型滴灌灌溉制度:枯水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额1 575 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额1 785 m³/hm²;平水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额1 125 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额1 425 m³/hm²;丰水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额600 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额900 m³/hm².     

退化人工柠条林灌下沙埋干预的土壤水文效应

灌丛沙堆是旱区灌丛植被水文过程的快通道,也是调节土壤水分平衡的关键点。以荒漠草原退化人工柠条林为研究对象,通过人工沙埋的方式改变灌丛沙堆大小与形态,在连续监测分析基础上(2012—2016年),探讨了人工沙埋干预下灌丛沙堆土壤水文过程与水文效应的动态响应。结果表明:与对照相比,(1)沙埋干预并未显著改变表层0—10cm主要的水文物理指标,但是显著提高了5—10cm土壤水分入渗速率,同时0—5cm初渗率显著降低;(2)沙埋干预明显提高了降水后表层0—5cm土壤的即时持水性,同时降水后表层土壤水分含量衰减过程呈现出很强的季节性变化;(3)2012—2016年生长季末沙埋处理的0—100cm土壤相对储水率分别为11.3%,-6.5%,4.5%,4.3%,15.7%,这种效应集中在0—60cm,对照处理下层土壤(60—100cm)水分含量的波动性更强。总体而言,沙埋干预对表层土壤水文物理特性无显著影响,但是显著提高了5—10cm土层水分入渗性能并降低了0—5cm初渗率;但是这种局部入渗性能的加强并未提高水分补给深度,上下层间水文联系反而弱化。沙埋干预的长期水文效应及其作为旱化成龄人工林适应性管理措施的适宜性还有待进一步的跟踪监测与分析。     

三峡水库对坝下河流水文情势影响研究

选取三峡水库下游宜昌水文站1950-2016年近70年的流量资料,采用Mann-Kendall法,分析宜昌水文站流量变化趋势。基于水文改变指标法(IHA)和变化范围法(RVA)评价三峡工程蓄水前后宜昌水文站32个IHA指标的水文改变程度,分析高度改变的水文指标,并基于32个IHA指标计算的水文改变度(D0)和DHRAM,分析三峡水库蓄水前后宜昌水文站整体水文情势变化,对宜昌站的水文改变程度进行定量评价。结果表明,在研究期间内,宜昌站年均流量呈减少趋势,在Mann-Kendall趋势检验中通过了95%的显著性检验,表明年均流量减少趋势显著;非汛期流量增加,汛期流量减少;年均最小流量和年均最大流量分别表现为增大和减少的趋势,年最小流量出现时间提前;低脉冲发生频率消失,高脉冲发生次数和历时略有下降;上升率和下降率均有减少趋势,逆转次数的水文改变度达到100%。通过DHRAM和D0计算后,水文情势整体为中度改变。     

Response of hydrological drought to meteorological drought in the eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey

The hydrographic eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey is a drought sensitive area. The basin is an important agricultural area and it is necessary to determine the extent of extreme regional climatic changes as they occur in this basin. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to show the correlation between standardized precipitation index(SPI) and standardized streamflow index(SSI) values on different time scales. Data from five meteorological stations and seven stream gauging stations in four sub-basins of the eastern Mediterranean Basin were analyzed over the period from 1967 to 2017. The correlation between SSI and SPI indicated that in response to meteorological drought, hydrological drought experiences a one-year delay then occurs in the following year. This is more evident at all stations from the mid-1990 s. The main factor causing hydrological drought is prolonged low precipitation or the presence of a particularly dry year. Results showed that over a long period(12 months), hydrological drought is longer and more severe in the upper part than the lower part of the sub-basins. According to SPI-12 values, an uninterrupted drought period is observed from 2002–2003 to 2008–2009. Results indicated that among the drought events, moderate drought is the most common on all timescales in all sub-basins during the past 51 years. Long-term dry periods with moderate and severe droughts are observed for up to 10 years or more since the late 1990 s, especially in the upper part of the sub-basins. As precipitation increases in late autumn and early winter, the stream flow also increases and thus the highest and most positive correlation values(0.26–0.54) are found in January. Correlation values(ranging between –0.11 and –0.01) are weaker and negative in summer and autumn due to low rainfall. This is more evident at all stations in September. The relation between hydrological and meteorological droughts is more evident, with the correlation values above 0.50 on longer timescales(12-and 24-months). The results presented in this study allow an understanding of the characteristics of drought events and are instructive for overcoming drought. This will facilitate the development of strategies for the appropriate management of water resources in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, which has a high agricultural potential.